There are other stuff too, like stellar database (RA, declination, magnitude, proper motion, star name, etc), but even those are not that large. The HYG (Hipparcos, Yale, Gliese) database is what many people use (free, public domain) for every star down to Mag +7.5, and it is only around 30 MB on my drive (thats mega, no giga).
Aditionally, there are galaxy and nebula databases (Messier, NGC, Index Catalog, Caldwell, etc).
But, I believe most of the storage is for astrometry.net data.
The full database at nova.astrometry.net can plate solve pretty much anything you can throw at it. I have seen it work even with tree branches inside the image. Next time ASIAIR fails to plate solve, grab a JPEG image and upload it to nova.astrometry.net. You will be shocked at how incomplete ASIAIR is.
Chen